Abstract: |
Emission of greenhouse gases and depletion of fossil fuel reserves are two key drivers, which are forcing the
mankind to generate the future energy demand from the renewable energy resources. These resources are
generally distributed in nature and are directly integrated at distribution levels. Increasing penetration of the
distributed energy resources in distribution power networks creates additional operational and control issues.
These are mostly regulatory, economical load dispatching, power quality and protection issues.
Generally power distribution systems are protected with the help of dedicated over current based protection
schemes. But increasing share of distributed energy resources penetration in electric utilities poses a serious
threat to the existing protection coordination schemes of the distribution systems. Distributed energy resources
connected distribution networks become interconnected in nature and protection coordination schemes, which are
designed for unidirectional flow of fault currents become ineffective/non-functional.
Therefore, new protection coordination schemes are required for providing the adequate protection coordination for
distributed energy resources connected electric power networks. In the available literature, the protection coordination
schemes for radial distribution systems and developments in the area of protection coordination are discussed in
detail. A thorough review for all these protection coordination schemes for distribution systems with and without
distributed energy resources is done in this review article. It includes the analytical and artificial intelligence based
techniques application for coordination of protective relays in the distribution systems. The limitations and research
gaps in the area of protection coordination schemes are also presented in this review article.
The aim of this research paper is to bring all the available research in the area of relay coordination on one platform, so
that it will help the emerging researcher to identify the future scope of relay coordination application for distributed
energy resources connected distribution systems. |
Key words: Relay coordination, Distributed energy resources, Artificial intelligence, Adaptive relaying, And renewableenergy resources |
DOI:10.1186/s41601-017-0061-1 |
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