Abstract:A hybrid energy storage system (HESS) plays an important role in balancing the cost with the performance in terms of stabilizing the fluctuant power of wind farms and photovoltaic (PV) stations. To further bring down the cost and actually implement the dispatchability of wind/PV plants, there is a need to penetrate into the major factors that contribute to the cost of the any HESS. This paper first discusses hybrid energy storage systems, as well as chemical properties in different medium, deeming the ramp rate as one of the determinants that must be observed in the cost calculation. Then, a mathematical tool, Copula, is explained in details for the purpose of unscrambling the dependences between the power of wind and PV plants. To lower the cost, the basic rule for allocation of buffered power is also put forward, with the minimum energy capacities of the battery ESS(BESS) and the supercapacitor ESS(SC-ESS) simultaneously determined by integration. And the paper introduces the probability method to analyze how power and energy is compensated in certain confidence level. After that, two definitions of coefficients are set up, separately describing energy storage status and wind curtailment level. Finally, the paper gives a numerical example stemmed from real data acquired in wind farms and PV stations in Belgium. The conclusion presents that the cost of a hybrid energy storage system is greatly affected by ramp-rate and dependence between the power of wind farms and photovoltaic stations, in which dependence can easily be determined by Copulas.

Abstract:The urgent problem of the relaying protection in the modern AC/DC hybrid connected grid and the development of the wide area communication, the information process and the intelligent technology powerfully promotes the development of the technology of the wide area relaying protection (WARP), which has become a research hotspot that attracts extensive attention. Originated from the basic concept of the wide area relaying protection, this paper analyses the advantages, the effects and the functions of the wide area relaying protection. The two main approaches to realize the wide area protection, which are on-line adaptive setting (OAS) principle and fault element identification (FEI), are introduced in this paper. Aimed at improving the performance of the backup protection, the research content and the technology demand of the wide area protection are proposed, meanwhile, the basic principle and the algorithm of the fault element identification are introduced. At last, the scheme of the limited wide area relaying protection based on the existing pilot channel of the main protection is discussed.

Abstract:Facing the growth of energy demand and the worldwide interests in renewable energy sources, smart grid has been proposed in order to accommodate the needs of power grid development. In China, digital substations have been widely applied. Moreover, as the worldwide interest and development in smart grid have increased significantly, the digital information availability and communication capability of modern substation have been improved. Different with traditional substation protection configuration based on local information, Integrated Protection (IP) is used to denote the integration of several protective devices for multiple power equipment within the substation into one protective relay, obtaining all the real time information of the substation by communication network. The analysis of sharing information and cooperation among different protection functions helps to realize more reliable and sensitive fault detection. This paper describes several different integrated protection schemes and their respective advantages and disadvantages. The principles and functions applied in integrated protection systems are addressed to provide an overview of the current state of the technology. A new coordinated protection system based on inter-substation information is proposed and simulation study is discussed to verify the improved reliability and sensitivity.

Abstract:This series of papers report on relay protection strategies that satisfy the demands of a strong smart grid. These strategies include ultra-high-speed transient-based fault discrimination, new co-ordination principles of main and back-up protection to suit the diversification of the power network, optimal co-ordination between relay protection and auto-reclosure to enhance robustness of the power network. There are also new development in protection early warning and tripping functions of protection based on wide area information. In this paper the principles, algorithms and techniques of single-ended, transient-based and ultra-high-speed protection for EHV transmission lines, buses, DC transmission lines and faulty line selection for non-solid earthed networks are presented. Tests show that the methods presented can determine fault characteristics with ultrahigh- speed (5 ms) and that the new principles of fault discrimination can satisfy the demand of EHV systems within a smart grid.

Abstract:As it is crucial to protect the transmission line from inevitable faults consequences, intelligent scheme must be employed for immediate fault detection and classification. The application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to detect the fault, identify it’s section, and classify the fault on transmission lines with improved zone reach setting is presented in this article. The fundamental voltage and current magnitudes obtained through Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) are specified as the inputs to the ANN. The relay is placed at section-2 which is the prime section to be protected. The ANN was trained and tested using diverse fault datasets; obtained from the simulation of different fault scenarios like different types of fault at varying fault inception angles, fault locations and fault resistances in a 400 kV, 216 km power transmission network of CSEB between Korba-Bhilai of Chhattisgarh state using MATLAB. The simulation outcomes illustrated that the entire shunt faults including forward and reverse fault, it’s section and phase can be accurately identified within a half cycle time. The advantage of this scheme is to provide a major protection up to 99.5% of total line length using single end data and furthermore backup protection to the forward and reverse line sections. This routine protection system is properly discriminatory, rapid, robust, enormously reliable and incredibly responsive to isolate targeted fault.

Abstract:The main purpose of power swing blocking is to distinguish faults from power swings. However, the faults occur during a power swing should be detected and cleared promptly. This paper proposes an adaptive concentric power swing blocker (PSB) to overcome incapability of traditional concentric PSB in detecting symmetrical fault during power swing. Based on proposed method, two pairs of concentric characteristics are anticipated which the first one is placed in a stationary position (outer of zone3) but the position of the second pair is adjustable. In order to find the position of the second pair of characteristic, Static Phasor Estimation Error (SPEE) of current signal is utilized in this paper. The proposed method detects the abrupt change in SPEE and puts the second pair of characteristic in location of impedance trajectory correspondingly. Second concentric characteristic records travelling time of impedance trajectory between outer and inner zones and compares to threshold value to detect symmetrical fault during power swing. If recorded time is lower than threshold, three-phase fault is detected during power swing. Intensive studies have been performed and the merit of the method is demonstrated by some test signals simulations.

Abstract:Half-wavelength AC Transmission (HWACT) can improve capability of AC transmission significantly. According to the basic principle of HWACT, the electromagnetic transient model of HWACT is built to analyze the fault transient process of transmission line. Based on fault characteristics of HWACT, the adaptability of traditional protections for transmission lines is analyzed briefly, such as current differential protection, distance protection and over current protection. In order to solve the problems of conventional protection caused by HWACT, a novel integrated protection based on multi-frequency domain information is proposed in this paper, which uses both the power frequency information and transient information. The integrated protection based on multi-frequency domain information takes advantages of power frequency and transient protections, which can not only improve the performance of traditional protection of AC transmission line but also realize fast fault judgment by transient travelling wave protection.

Abstract:The active saturated iron-core superconductive fault current limiter (SISFCL) is a good choice to decrease fault current. This paper introduced the principles and impedance characteristic of the active SISFCL. Then, it shows the current-limiting effects of the SISFCL. Besides, the impact of the active SISFCL on the distance protection of the EHV transmission line is evaluated. Based on that, the coordination scheme of the distance protections is proposed. A 500 kV double-circuit transmission system with SISFCLs is simulated by Electro-Magnetic Transients Program including DC (EMTDC). Simulation tests demonstrate the correctness and validity of theoretical analyses.

Abstract:This paper proposes a DC fault protection strategy for large multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) network where MMC based DC-DC converter is configured at strategic locations to allow the large MTDC network to be operated interconnected but partitioned into islanded DC network zones following faults. Each DC network zone is protected using either AC circuit breakers coordinated with DC switches or slow mechanical type DC circuit breakers to minimize the capital cost. In case of a DC fault event, DC-DC converters which have inherent DC fault isolation capability provide ‘firewall’ between the faulty and healthy zones such that the faulty DC network zone can be quickly isolated from the remaining of the MTDC network to allow the healthy DC network zones to remain operational. The validity of the proposed protection arrangement is confirmed using MATLAB/SIMULINK simulations.