There is a problem of local power and gas supply shortage caused by clean heating in winter in northern rural areas. Thus a low-carbon economic dispatch of rural comprehensive energy that takes into account temperature controlled anaerobic fermentation and ladder carbon trading is proposed. First, based on the thermodynamic model of an anaerobic biogas fermentation tank and the relationship between temperature and gas production rate, a temperature control model for biogas fermentation is constructed. Then, pressure swing adsorption equipment is used to purify and separate methane and carbon dioxide from biogas, and electric conversion gas is introduced to absorb the carbon dioxide, generating a methane feedback system. At the same time, considering the participation of rural users in the carbon market, a ladder carbon price is adopted to analyze the impact of carbon trading base price and price growth rate on rural energy costs and carbon emissions. Finally, the problem is optimized and solved with the objective function of minimizing system operating costs. Simulation analysis shows that the proposed model reduces system carbon emissions by 157.27 kg and reduces operating costs by 11.57%.