The DC power distribution network of electric power electronics has the problem of low inertia, which is not conducive to the stable operation of the system. Hybrid energy storage devices can provide virtual inertia to the power grid, but there is a power coordination problem between different types of energy storage, and the state of charge (SOC) of energy storage is a constraint on the adjustment of virtual inertia. To solve the above problems, a frequency division control strategy with an adaptive time constant is proposed. The time constant is dynamically adjusted according to the SOC of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) to change the power distribution. First, by analyzing the relationship between energy storage SOC and virtual inertia, and considering the charging and discharging limit of energy storage, the adaptive virtual inertia control strategy that takes into account SOC, voltage change rate and amplitude is studied to improve system inertia. Then a small signal model of the control system is established, and the influence of virtual inertia coefficient on the system is analyzed. Finally, based on Matlab/Simulink, a simulation model of a DC distribution network is established to verify that the proposed control strategy can rationally distribute HESS power, improve the utilization rate of supercapacitors, and enhance the stability of DC voltage and power.